It is presented in the article, the analysis of the main trends of economic and social development in the countries of Central Asia, members of the Commonwealth of Independent States. The main attention is given to the analysis of indicators reflecting the level of sustainable development of the countries of the Central Asian region. It is singled out the negative factors that determine the decreasing dynamics of the basic indicators of social and economic development. It is given the characteristics of the main risks to the sustainable development of national economies. There are disclosed the priority directions and measures to ensure sustainable economic development of Central Asian states.