This document, prepared by UNESCO Section on Global Citizenship and Peace Education with the contribution of Laura Engel and Evelyne Koumtingue, is part of several thematic papers developed by UNESCO to inform the Revision of the 1974 Recommendation concerning education for international understanding, co-operation and peace. These papers focus on topics that are not currently covered in the Recommendation but that require greater attention in the revised version in view of ensuring it addresses contemporary challenges to lasting peace.