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Transnational institutions of higher education (TNIHE) are institutions that provide higher education services and award degrees from either foreign institutions or through foreign pedagogical systems. As of 2021, there are at least 67 TNIHEs in the five Central Asian republics. Beneath the surface, however, many problems lurk, as TNIHEs struggle to maintain their capacity and provide quality education, while local governments pursue contradictory policies, that complicate the situation.