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Values education is an important part of primary and secondary education in Japan. It has two teaching approaches: curriculum teaching and practical teaching. After the Second World War, it has formed a political service orderliness which is unified with the national dominant ideology, a cultivating orderliness which is from the “Imperial People” to the “New Citizen”, a practical orderliness which is developing around the “Social Participation”. At present, Japan’s values education in primary and secondary schools mainly faces the dual dilemma of historical cognition and public value, especially in the aspect of historical cognition, which deserves our constant vigilance and attention.