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Using information technology to expand the coverage of good education resources is an important breakthrough to realize the high-quality development of rural education. Improving the information literacy of rural students is the key to better play the role of information technology. In order to explore the current situation and influence mechanism of rural students' information literacy, this study selected 26558 rural students of compulsory education, 453 rural information technology teachers and 3096 parents from a province in south China for questionnaire survey, Using the mediating effect analysis method to construct the influencing factor model of rural students' information literacy and the network analysis method was used to explore the interaction mechanism between the influencing factors and information literacy. The results show a low level of rural students' information literacy and insufficient motivation for learning information technology. The weak understanding of the value of information technology mainly limits the improvement of rural students' information literacy. Besides, teachers' low level of information technology and difficulties in using information equipment are constraints to students' information literacy. To improve the information literacy of rural students, efforts should be made in the following three aspects:enhance information technology service support and improve the using efficiency of equipment, enhance the practical efficiency of teacher training and give full play to the exemplary and leading role of excellent teachers, optimize the teaching content of information technology, and improve the cultivation effect of information literacy.