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Civic literacy is highly valued by international organizations and countries all over the world. China’s Ministry of Education has taken civic literacy as a key indicator for the comprehensive evaluation of the quality of primary and secondary education. Based on citizen, civic literacy connotation, civic education objective content, and common factors of civic literacy test, the dimensional structure hypothesis of civic literacy assessment for primary and middle school students was proposed, and the hypothesis was tested and corrected by using structural equation model, and the civic literacy test for primary and middle school students was developed. The reliability and validity meet the requirements of measurement and have a broad application prospect.