This study will examine the nature of, and how, non-formal and informal programs and activities contribute to the acquisition of knowledge and skills for children, adolescents, youth and adults in precise areas of Target 4.7. This will be done by highlighting different definitions, conceptual approaches and history, along with policies of GCED and ESD and non-formal education and informal learning, comparing attempts to operationalize GCED and ESD to indicators for measurement and monitoring and challenges therein, and by identifying relevant sample programs and activities from around the world to analyze and consider using as data sources. How non-formal and informal provision related to GCED and ESD links to formal education will be considered, along with its connection to the larger notion of lifelong learning.