Education for Sustainable Development(ESD) is crucial to reaching all 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Both ESD and Global Citizenship Education (GCED) are explicitly stated in the seventh target of SDG4 and promoted by UNESCO as two complimentary approaches. This requires teaching and learning objectives that enable learners to acquire the knowledge, skills, attitudes and values for sustainable development as part of cognitive, socio-emotional and behavioural domains. This policy brief explores the challenges, promising practices, and policy recommendations when it comes to mainstreaming ESD in Central Asia’s education systems.